Randy+Zmek

=media type="custom" key="9232088"= = = = = = 3/17/11 Entry 1 Preface = Denmark was one of the few countries that Hitler could not kill the Jews. The people of Denmark stood together against the German slaughter machine. They stood together to keep their people safe. In other countries people said," What could we have done?" or,"What else was there to do?" Not in Denmark. The Danes refused to allow evil to triumph in their country. 5 words atrocities: ruthless actions against another Thereseinstadt: a concentration camp and ghetto for Jews in Czechoslovakia indebted: obligated to repay someone cite: to quote an authority or example abstract: considered apart from specific objects

3/18/11 Entry 2 The Ninth of April pg. 1-9 On April 9th 1940 the German war machine invaded Denmark. They came by boat, plane ,and across land. Denmark put up no defense. The only fighting took place at the royal palace in Copenhagen. Most people could not believe they had been occupied by Germany. At the British embassy the officials were being taken away and you could here Danes chanting "Hurrah for the Britons!" capitulation:The act of surrendering or giving up. ultimatum:A final statement of terms made by one party to another. larder:A supply of food. non-aggression:restraint of aggression, esp between states embassy:A building containing the offices of an ambassador and staff

3/22/11 Entry 3 The Occupation pg. 11-19 The Germans had managed to capture the country so fast that no Danish airplanes got off the ground. The Danish navy lost no ships because they did not fire on the Germans. Only 13 Danish soldiers died with another 23 wounded. There were not many things available to the people of Denmark. There was not even real coffee. People had to make "coffee" with what they had. People had to wear wooden clogs instead of shoes.Later in the war air raids became more common. During the war pranks on Germans became popular. Some times people would be arrested for insulting a German. casualties:a member of __[|the] __ armed forces __[|lost] __ to service through death, wounds, sickness, capture, or because <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">his or her <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">whereabouts or condition <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">cannot be <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">determined. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">scarcely:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">barely; hardly; not __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|quite] __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">monarch: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">a hereditary sovereign, as a king, queen, or emperor. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">hydroplanes: a seaplane nationalism: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">devotion <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">loyalty to one's own <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|nation] __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">;  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">patriotism.

3/24/11 Entry 4 Jews In Denmark pg. 20-29 There were 8000 Jews in Denmark. Some had lived there as long as they could remember. Others were refugees from other countries. The Jews were not seen as different. They were just people. Germany got a lot of food from Denmark. They did not want to harass Danish Jews and lose this food. When Jews were forced to wear the yellow Star of David there are rumors that all of Denmark wore the star. homogenous: of the same or similar tsar: emporer of Russia Zionists: Jewish people who helped make the modern country of Israel synagogue: Jewish house of worship Jewry: Jewish people collectively

4/5/11 Entry 5 Resistance Begins pg. 30-40 Denmark started to develope a policy of negotiation with Germany. Many people did not like this they wanted to resist Germany entirely. When Hitler attacked the soviets some Danish people staged a peaceful demonstration. When the police saw this they attacked the peaceful protestors. Soon after the German occupation of Denmark there were illegal pamphlets that began circulating. They were set up to tell the true news and not the lies the Nazis published. on of the first violent resistance groups was the Churchill Club. They were young men ages 14-17 who stole weapons and destroyed Nazi property. collaboration: to work with another regime: system of rule appalled: to fill with dismay satrical: irony, sarcasm Jutland: the main peninsula of Denmark that is bordered by Germany on the south

4/5/11 Entry 6 Resistance Grows pg. 41-52 In 1942 the German army began to seem less invincible. The resistance in Denmark began to increase. Members of the resistance began to sabotage Danish factories to hurt the Nazis. Nazis began to attack the Copenhagen synagogue. They painted swastikas on it. Some people would steal guns from Nazi officers. Some resistance fighters began making Sten guns. The British Sten gun was lightweight and fired 9mm bullets. It was illegal to own firearms in Nazi controlled areas and when Nazis found resistance gun stores they usually blew the house up. commandant: commanding officer auxiliary: helping schnapps: a strong dry spirit perforating: to make holes through cryptic: mysterious

4/11/11 Entry 7 The Crisis Looms Pg. 53-63 In the summer of 1943, resistance against the Nazi's increased. The British Special Operations Executive helped organize resistance. When there was an Allied plane crashed or Parachutists needed help the resistance would help them. By August there were 6 or 7 sabotage acts being reported every day. There was a state of emergency declared in Denmark in late August. The Nazis took over government buildings and arrested prominent citizens. cloister: covered walk corps:military unit unequivocal: clear and not confusing incinediary:fire causing prominent:important

4/12/11 Entry 8 Warning Pg. 64-72 When Denmark denied the German ultimatum, they turned a corner. The underground newspaper subscriptions increased dramatically. Germany decided that they would go after Denmark's Jews. The news spread to the streets so then the Jews were alerted. Some believed the horrible truth while others denied it. There was to be a massive roundup on Oct. 1 and 2. The Jews would then be sent to Theresienstadt concentration camp. When a German official alerted the Jewish rabbi in Copenhagen what was going to happen the rabbi acted quickly. He told a friend and the news spread quickly. There were very few Jews that were captured. memoranda: written halutzim: a person who immigrates to Israel cantor: a singing leader in the Jewish faith spontaneous: occuring without planning compunction: regret

4/14/11 Entry 9 Escape Pg. 73-91 The raid was a total failure. 95% of all Jews in Denmark evaded the roundup. The immediate goal was to get Jews across the sea to Sweden. The town of Gilleje was a main port of travel to Sweden, There were many German officers that would take a bribe and not try to capture the Jewish escapees. There were many Danish doctors that would help Jews escape the Nazis. incitement: to urge to action scapegoats: one who takes blame for others sauntered: to stroll scouring: to clear out with force immobile: unable to move

Entry 10 Capture pg. 92-100 The Jews had not escaped as a whole. There were about 500 that were captured. Those that were captured were sent to Thereseinstadt. The Jews that were waiting to go to Sweden were very scared. Some resistance leaders spoke to large groups to make them feel better. The groups began to talk about stories of close encounters with Nazis as they waited to go to Sweden. They were very relaxed on their journey. Sometimes the Nazis would surprise Jews as their boats were leaving and they would capture or kill the Jews they found. regime: a system of rule congregation: people assembled for religious purposes pantomime: gesture without speech capsized: to overturn bayonet: dagger or blade at the end of a gun

Entry 11 The Battle Continues pg. 101-116 In mid September 1943, 7 leaders of resistance groups set up the Denmarks Freedom Council. It was to coordinate the different resistance groups. They coordinated everything from sabotage actions to helping Jews escape. They also worked with the Royal Air Force. They told targets for the RAF to destroy and place to airdrop supplies. Not all of the bombings were a success. The Shell House was the head of the Gestapo in Denmark. When the RAF bombed it the third wave of planes accidentally bombed a Danish schoolhouse where over 100 students were in attendance. Of the one hundred, eighty were killed. handbills: a small printed notice renders: to cause to be escalate: to increase betrayed: double crossed interrogated: questioned

Entry 12 The Concentration Camps pg. 117-127 There were many concentration camps that the Nazis set up. The conditions were horrible. There were bedbugs. Lice were everywhere. The Nazis provided a delousing service so they themselves would not get lice. In 1943 the Nazis went after Danish Jews. The Jews were sent to Theresienstadt. The Danish Government kept close tabs on their people in the camps. The Red Cross started working with the Danish government to send packages. SOme people say that these packages kept them alive. There were not many Danes that were sent to death. transit: the act of passing through arbitrary: unlimited power delousing: to free of lice deported: to expel or banish from a country delegation: a group or body of delegates

4/27/11 Entry 13 Nearing the End pg.128-137 18,000 Danes found safe refuge in Sweden. Some of them formed a "police battalion". This was called the Danish brigade. It was a fighting force in Sweden made up of only Danes. It had between 5000 and 7000 men. There were many Danes that were released from camps and taken to Sweden. There were many police officers. They joined the Danish Brigade. Almost everyone knew that Germany was losing the war. Heinrich Himmler was a high ranking Nazi who tried making deals with the allies to protect Germany. Hitler heard of it and was furious. Yiddish: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">a High __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|German] __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;"> language with an admixture of __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|vocabulary] __<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;"> from __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|Hebrew] __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;"> and __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|the] __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">Slavic languages, written inHebrew <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">letters, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">and spoken <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">mainly by Jews in eastern and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">central __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[|europe] __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">and by <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">Jewish <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">emigrants from these regions <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; cursor: default; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static;">and their descendants brigade: a large body of troops brandished: to shake or wave crematorium: a crematory transport: a train that would take concentration camp prisoners to different death camps

4/27/11 Entry 14 Liberation And Beginnings pg.138- 145 At the end of the war the Nazis tried to empty concentration camps as soon as possible. They did this to hide what they did. On May 4, 1945 German forces in Denmark surrendered. THis was a day of celebration for Danes. It meant that their people in Sweden could return home. There were many crowds going wild at the news. This meant that Germany had been defeated and that their war was over. After the war over 15,000 Nazi collaborators were put on trial in Denmark. Thirteen thousand five hundred and twenty one were found guilty. whereabouts: near or about a place strafing: to attack by planes with machine guns telegram: a message sent by telegraph barracks: a building group for soldiers conceded: to acknowledge as true

4/27/11 Entry 15 Epilogue pg. 146- 156 There were many people who were involved in resistance. Some people were resistance fighters and others were people who saved others by taking them to Sweden. They were strong in the face of the Nazi onslaught against their people. They and people like them were what stopped the Nazis from winning the war. The people involved in the resistance went on to become great people. They did many things. Some went on to college. Others went on to move to America. architect: a person who creates buildings for a living emigrated: to leave to go to another country defamation: to hurt ones good reputation immunology: branch of science dealing with the immune system onslaught: a vigorous assault or attack